PD-1 and PD-L1: A Comprehensive Guide to Immune Checkpoint Inhibition Introduction to PD-1 and PD-L1 PD-1 (Programmed Cell Death Protein 1) and PD-L1 (Programmed Death-Ligand 1) have become central in immuno-oncology research, serving as key targets in cancer immunotherapy. These proteins play a crucial role in regulating immune responses, particularly in cancer’s ability to evade […]
Understanding the Apoptosis Pathway: Key Molecules in Extrinsic, Intrinsic, and Common Pathways
Apoptosis, often referred to as programmed cell death, is a vital biological process that maintains homeostasis and removes damaged or harmful cells. It is tightly regulated and involves complex signaling cascades that ultimately lead to cell death. In the context of apoptosis, there are two major pathways—extrinsic and intrinsic—that converge at a common pathway. Understanding […]